To protect sensitive data during file transfers, what type of security solution is most effective?

File encryption is the most effective solution for protecting sensitive data during file transfers because it ensures that the information remains confidential and secure, regardless of the transmission medium. When files are encrypted, they are transformed into a format that is unreadable without the proper decryption key. This means that even if the data is intercepted during the transfer, unauthorized individuals will not be able to access or make sense of it.

Encryption protocols, such as Secure Socket Layer (SSL) or Transport Layer Security (TLS), can be used to secure the connection as well, but the fundamental protection comes from the encryption of the files themselves. This provides a robust layer of security, making it difficult for attackers to exploit the data even if they gain access to the transfer session.

In contrast, other measures like network segmentation help limit the exposure of vulnerable systems and assets but do not specifically address the confidentiality of the data being transferred. Access control lists govern who can access specific resources but do not encrypt data, leaving it exposed during transfers. Intrusion detection systems monitor for malicious activities but do not provide direct protection for the data itself during transit.