What type of network traffic information can be recovered from devices that do not use WPA-2 or WPA-3?

The correct answer is that all network traffic can be recovered from devices that do not use WPA-2 or WPA-3. Networks that utilize older security protocols, such as WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) or have no encryption at all, expose their data to anyone within range of the network. This lack of robust encryption allows attackers to capture all transmitted data without the need for decryption keys, making it accessible in plaintext form.

In unsecured or poorly secured networks, such as those using WEP, the vulnerabilities are well-known. Weak encryption algorithms and keys can be easily cracked, leading to the ability to intercept, read, and manipulate all traffic on the network. This includes any unencrypted data transfers, which might range from web browsing activity to file sharing, providing an extensive view of the network's operations.

In contrast, the other options describe various limitations that typically stem from a lack of proper security or the specific characteristics of certain encrypted protocols. Specific device information and identification of wireless clients offer partial insights and do not encompass the totality of visible data. Encrypted data, while it might still be seen during transmission, remains unreadable unless decrypted, which is not possible in the case of insecurely configured (non-WPA-2/WPA