Which category do lighting and fences best fall under in terms of security controls?

The correct answer is that lighting and fences fall under the category of physical security controls. Physical controls are tangible barriers designed to protect assets, deter unauthorized access, and provide a secure environment for the organization.

Lighting serves as an important deterrent by illuminating areas that might otherwise be dark and inviting for intrusion, enhancing visibility and safety. It contributes to the overall safety of a facility and can be part of a broader physical security system. Fences likewise provide a tangible barrier that delineates property boundaries, prevents unauthorized entry, and can serve as both a visual and physical deterrent to potential intruders.

In contrast, administrative controls involve policies, procedures, and regulations governing how security measures are implemented and maintained. Technical controls involve hardware and software solutions designed to protect data and systems. Although lighting and fences may have deterrent qualities, they are fundamentally physical controls due to their tangible nature and role in fortifying an organization's physical security posture.